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Orders & Movements

Orders and movements are treated as changing networks rather than as founders plus slogans. Their pages follow rules, institutions, worship, social settings, internal diversity, conflict, reform, global transmission, and unintended consequences.

17 substantial profiles4 historical eras68 starting sources

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17 profiles

Apostolic & Early Church

Desert Monasticism

Networks of ascetics whose experiments in solitude and community reshaped Christian prayer, discipline, authority, and spiritual writing.

Third–fifth centuriesEgypt, Syria, Palestine, and the wider late antique world
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Medieval Christianity

Benedictine Monasticism

A family of autonomous monasteries shaped by the Rule of Benedict and its rhythm of prayer, work, reading, stability, and hospitality.

Sixth century–presentWestern Europe and global communities
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Medieval Christianity

The Cistercian Reform

A monastic reform emphasizing stricter Benedictine observance, simpler worship and buildings, manual labor, and linked abbeys.

1098–presentFrance and wider Europe; later global communities
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Medieval Christianity

The Franciscan Movement

A diverse family inspired by Francis and Clare of Assisi to follow Christ through poverty, fraternity, preaching, contemplation, and service.

Early thirteenth century–presentItaly and worldwide
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Medieval Christianity

The Dominican Order

An order of preachers joining common life, study, itinerant ministry, and theological teaching.

1216–presentEurope and worldwide
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Reformation & Confessional Age

The Anabaptist Movement

Diverse radical reform communities associated with believers’ baptism, disciplined discipleship, voluntary church membership, and contested relations to political power.

1520s–presentCentral Europe and later global communities
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Reformation & Confessional Age

The Society of Jesus

A Catholic religious order organized for mission, education, spiritual direction, scholarship, and service under a distinctive vow of availability.

1540–presentFounded in Europe; active worldwide
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Modern & Global Christianity

The Moravian Renewal

A refugee community whose 1727 renewal fostered sustained prayer, transnational mission, hymnody, and ecumenical spirituality.

1722–presentHerrnhut, Saxony, and worldwide
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Modern & Global Christianity

Global Evangelicalism

A broad family emphasizing conversion, Scripture, the cross, active faith, mission, and voluntary networks across denominational boundaries.

Eighteenth century–presentTransnational and globally diverse
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Modern & Global Christianity

The Methodist Movement

A revival and discipleship movement organized through societies, classes, field preaching, hymnody, and a theology of grace seeking holiness.

1730s–presentBritain, North America, and worldwide
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Modern & Global Christianity

The Black Church Freedom Movement

Black Christian institutions and networks that joined worship, survival, education, organizing, theological critique, and struggles for freedom.

Eighteenth century–present; civil-rights focus 1950s–1960sUnited States with wider Atlantic connections
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Modern & Global Christianity

The Oxford Movement

An Anglican renewal that recovered patristic, sacramental, liturgical, and catholic claims within a church pressured by political and modern intellectual change.

1833–1845 and later influenceEngland and the Anglican Communion
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Modern & Global Christianity

The Holiness Movement

A Wesleyan-rooted network emphasizing entire sanctification, disciplined life, revival, social reform, and lay testimony.

Nineteenth century–presentNorth America, Britain, and global missions
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Modern & Global Christianity

The Pentecostal Movement

A many-centered Christian movement emphasizing the present work of the Holy Spirit, spiritual gifts, healing, testimony, and expectant worship.

Early twentieth century–presentMultiple early centers; now global
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Modern & Global Christianity

The Ecumenical Movement

Networks seeking visible Christian unity through mission cooperation, dialogue, common witness, councils, and local relationships.

Nineteenth century–presentGlobal
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Modern & Global Christianity

The East African Revival

An African-led renewal network emphasizing public testimony, repentance, reconciliation, fellowship, and a “walk in the light.”

1930s–presentRwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and neighboring regions
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Modern & Global Christianity

Liberation Theology

A family of contextual theologies reading Scripture and Christian practice from the experience of poverty, oppression, and organized struggle for liberation.

1960s–presentLatin America with global contextual forms
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